Summary report on a research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Summary report on a research project - Essay Example Historically, dietary monitoring methods have focused on collecting samples which duplicate the diet consumed during a monitoring period by the individual. Such an approach for residential-based exposure measurements and evaluating dietary intake is justified for the following reasons: it includes the contribution of residue contaminants added inadvertently during food preparation in the residence (i.e. bug spray, lead based paint, etc.), and it represents a reasonable measure of daily dietary intake of the individual during the monitoring period (4). Duplicate-diet collection is considered the "gold standard" for estimating dietary exposure to contaminants (5). Additionally, duplicate-diet collection can provide a more accurate picture of nutrient composition of an individual's dietary intake than food diary records. However, duplicate-diet methodology has also been shown to have certain shortcomings (6). For example, the variability in what people eat and the non-uniform distribution of chemical residues in foods over a period of time, duplicate-diet monitoring over a short time period (up to 4 days) provides data that adequately characterize exposure of the population as a whole, but not the individual being monitored. In addition, diet samples collected during short-term field studies may not be representative of long-term dietary intakes. Reports indicate that duplicate diet collections are burdensome and collection and analysis too costly. In addition, there is a social awkwardness of collecting, storing, and transporting additional portions of food, and some situations are simply not appropriate for duplicate diet food collections, such as a picnic) (7). Furthermore, the established indirect methods of assessing dietary intakes (market basket surveys) do not capture the important contribut ions of storage, preparation, and consumption in the residence, or handling by a child. As an alternative to the duplicate diet protocol, the community food item collection methodology was tested. Two focus groups were conducted to pilot test the study protocol. Focus group interviews are a way to obtain qualitative data (8). The group environment promoted purposeful interaction to generate feedback on the proposed research (9). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the community food item collection method as an alternative to the duplicate diet food collection as a valid way to measure the level of exposure to toxins in pregnant women and young children. Specific aims were to: 1) determine whether 60% of the subjects enrolled in the study would provide at least one food item; and 2) to estimate staff effort, cost, and resources necessary to recruit 50 mothers of children 15-24 months to the study. METHODS Study Design Mothers (n = 45) of toddlers 15 - 24 months old were enrolled in a prospective observational study testing the Community Food Collection Potential participants were screened by telephone to determine if eligibility requirements were met. Approximately 87% (n=53) of prospective subjects met eligibility criteria and were mailed consent forms. Overall, 45 mothers provided informed, written consent and were enrolled in the study, and 44 completed the study in its entirety. Eligible mothers were mailed a consent form, a child dietary habits survey, and a child food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The Institutional Review Board of the

Watch Stagecoach Here movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Watch Stagecoach Here movie - Essay Example The actual depiction of trade and economic activity can be depicted to present the daytime views of Tonto. Also, the organize pattern of ensuring peace and order is present in order to establish the civilized stage of the place. The night time mise-en-scene of Lordsburg depicts surrounding sophisticated infrastructure, but ironically, the town seems to be hunted, savage due to the stillness of the night, by which the shot of guns can be the most prominent attraction on that part of the film. This is the kind of scenery revealed in this civilized town. The film talks about the battle between good and evil. The accomplishment of the good over the bad seems to provide a happy touch as the film ends. It provides ideological affirmation as to how both outlaw heroes and official heroes can fulfil the requirement of what is pleasing for a civilized society or community. The reason why Dallas, Doc Boone and Henry Gatewood are leaving Tonto is due to their personal issues of the past and at present. For instance, Dallas is leaving Tonto because she was driven out of town by the members of the Law and Order League. For Gatewood, who is absconding $50,000 embezzled from his bank, everything is about business. For Doc Boone, an alcoholic doctor, leaving Tonto is just a step to nowhere, at some

The Impact Of Extended Discussions Tourism Essay

The Impact Of Extended Discussions Tourism Essay One of the reasons why it is so difficult to achieve sustainable tourism development in first place is that there is no set definition for it. In the early 1990s, there were more than seventy existing definitions of sustainable development (Holmberg and Sandbrook, 1992). Regardless of the wide academic attention the term received, there is no consensus over a set definition, policies or measures (Berno and Bricker, 2001). As Muller (1994:134) points out there are too many experts with too much advice on the one hand and too few agents with too few resources and too little time to act on the other. The subject matter has been researched by many academics and it has reached a point where too many theories have been put forward, and not so much action (Pearce, 1989). The subject of tourism development may be viewed as in two means: as a process or as a state. In both cases the focus is on the relationships between development and tourism, and what their impact on destinations is (Pearce , 1989). Butler (1993:29) argues that there is no set definition of what tourism development is and how it should be implemented, however the author points out the importance to take into consideration the relationship between tourism, other activities and processes, and the human and physical environments in which tourism is taking place. Sustainable development received a lot of attention over the last decades by private and public sectors, governments, non-governmental organisations and it has evolved over three decades from an environmental issue to a socio-political movement for beneficial social and economic change (Farrell and Twining-Ward, 2003:275). The fact that it was adopted by such a wide variety of organisations proves the ambiguity of the term. Its vagueness is demonstrated by the most widely used definition of sustainable tourism development, proposed by the World Commission on Environment and Development sustainable development is not a fixed state of harmony, but r ather a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of the investments, the orientation of technological development, and institutional change are made consistent with future as well as present needs (WCED, 1987:9). The complex correlation between environmental, social and economic development poses a global challenge on sustainability nowadays (Potter et al., 2004). Development and growth are often used as synonyms; however there is a significant difference in their meanings (Holden, 2008). Development is defined as the continuous and positive change in the economic, social, political and cultural dimensions of the human condition, guided by the principle of freedom of choice and the limited capacity of the environment to sustain such change. (Sharpley and Telfer, 2002: 27). Since the end of the Second World War, many development theories emerged, all of them encompassing different approaches to tourism development such as: modernisation theory (1950s-1960s); dependency theory (late 1960s); neo-classical counter revolution theory (1980s); and sustainable development theory (late 1980s). Development is often associated with developing countries; however it is a term that affected global development at all levels (Potter et al., 2004). At that time developing countries were expected to catch up with the West and enter modern age, so that developme nt was linked to modernisation, which was then related to westernisation. During this period of time one of the main paradigms of development emerged the theory of modernisation (Sharpley and Telfer, 2002). It is an optimistic thesis, which assumes that underdevelopment could be overcome through modernisation from the West to less developed countries and from urban areas to rural (Elliott, 2006). However, modernisation has both positive and negative impacts, and this was the case of tourism in Crete. Tourism development was concentrated on the demand side, attracting as many tourists as possible at that time, and resulted in environmental and cultural degradation (Andriotis, 2003). Adams (2001) argues that sustainable tourism development at present is still underpinned mainly within the industrialised North and West part of the world. It is also portrayed as a EuroAmerican paradigm and a Western construct (Cater, 2006:24). Due to the economic and industrial growth in the 1950s, many natural resources have been used in unsustainable ways, without any environmental concern (Elliott, 2006). These negative aspects have resulted in a call for sustainable development. Consequently, different theories were developed in order to try to establish set guidelines of how sustainable tourism should be developed (Sharpley and Telfer, 2002). In 1994, Muller has introduced the magic pentagon as a conceptual framework of sustainable tourism development. The pentagon consists of the following five angles: economic health; subjective well-being; unspoilt nature/protection of resources; healthy culture; optimum satisfaction of guest requirements. The idea of the framework is that in order to maintain sustainable tourism development these five angles must be balanced, enhancing the positive relationships between them. However, in reality numerous factors may perhaps make it quite difficult to balance all angles of the pent agon and achieve sustainable development (Muller, 1994). Mowforth and Munt (1998) also proposed a list of tools for achieving sustainable tourism and it includes the following factors: area protections, industry regulation, visitor management techniques, environmental impact assessment, carrying capacity calculations, consultation/participation techniques, codes of conduct, sustainability indicators. Many other frameworks were suggested over the years and despite the great progress of academic research in the subject field, there is still a debate on what practices should be embedded to encourage sustainable change (Elliott, 2006). The growing demand for international tourism over the last decades has raised a great concern of how tourism activities change the cultural and environmental assets of destinations. Many tourist areas began to receive negative destination image by unsatisfied tourists. This was the case with the Spanish coastal area of Costa del Sol, as environmental decay and poor image have combined with overcrowding and low safety and hygiene standards, together with the popularity of cheaper forms of accommodation and catering, to reduce the perceived attractiveness of the region (Barke and France, 1996: 302). In the end of the 1990s some tour operators, airlines and hotels for the first time took actions against their negative impact on the environment. This was as a result of eco-tourists boycotts against the unsustainable practices of tourism providers. For example businesses have been put at risk by tourists riot in the ski resort of Vail in Colorado, in 1999 (Holden, 2008). However, Sharpley (2009) argues that there is a lack of proof that sustainable principles are adopted in the business practices of tourism organisations, at present. He also emphasizes on the disparity between the concepts of tourism and sustainable development, arguing that the perception of sustainable tourism is anything other than a myth. A case study of the impact of international tourism on the economy in Turkey showed that despite the significant development of facilities along the coastline, development had many negative impacts on the rural regions of the country. Because of the large investments in the resorts, rural areas were left behind and disparities amongst regions and classes were encouraged (Tosun et al., 2003). Robinson (2004) is another author who doubts sustainable development because of its vagueness, green-washing and possible delusions from the real problems related to tourism activities. Mass tourism activities have been viewed as highly unsustainable and after great critici sms other forms of more sustainable tourism have emerged, such as ecotourism or responsible tourism. Nevertheless, the demand for responsible tourism seems to be lacking, with green holidays being low down on the list for tourists throughout the holiday purchasing process (Sharpley, 2009). Sustainable tourism is often regarded as ecotourism and their objectives are viewed as parallel, both embracing host community sense and conservation of natural, built and heritage beauty and resources. However, ecotourism in fact is a type of nature-based niche tourism, which is simply a mode of sustainable tourism (Wearing and Neil, 2009). Eco-labels of products and services are growing in numbers and greenwashing amongst tourism sectors is gaining popularity, however their environmental credentials are hard to measure (Dahl, 2010). This trend is adopted by many tourism suppliers, who seem to be implementing sustainable practices, whereas none of them have changed in reality. A case study of the ecotourism (dragon tourism) in Indonesia showed that this type of tourism was viewed as a sustainable alternative to the mass tourism, favouring local communities. In fact, after a small-scale survey was conducted in the area, results showed that local communities are lacking employment, an d distributional inequalities exist, favouring external suppliers (Walpole and Goodwin, 2000). Robinson (2004) labels the greenwashing used as a method to cover up for unsustainable tourism practices as hypocrisy. It is also seen as a method to place guilt on tourists and to sell eco holidays, which in fact may not be that green (Robbins, 2008). In that sense, the triple bottom line (TBL) has been introduced to measure organisations performance in social, economic and environmental terms and it is key to sustainable development (Elkington, 1998). The most comprehensive framework to measure these sustainable indicators was set by the UNWTO (2004). However, it is very hard to measure TBL as again there is no consensus on a measurement framework and different measures need to be applied depending whether it is used on organisations or at destination level. Marshall and Toffel (2005) identified that sustainability can be placed on a continuum, where at one end is the micro sustainabilit y and on the other is the macro sustainability. During the past decades sustainable tourism practices tend to be small-scale projects on local level, whereas in order to achieve sustainable development through tourism, they should be happening at large scale, globally (Stoddard et al., 2012). Mullers (1994) statement that sustainable tourism is difficult to achieve is relevant today. It is true that conceptually sustainable tourism development is ideal; however it is hard to implement. Therefore, the main task for tourism organisations and governments is to identify and agree upon common rules and codes of conducted. Sustainable tourism development is not simply an economic process, as suggested by the modernisation theory; it is however multidimensional process and should lead to good change (Chambers, 1997). In order for organisations to adopt the good change the following ethical values should be applied towards sustainable tourism development: self-sufficiency; self-determination; empowerment; and improvement of living standards. Sustainable practices should be adopted by all tourism organisations because earth resources are finite, therefore resources should not be consumed at faster pace that they renew, maintaining biological diversity of the planet. Equity between communities should be sustained, involving local people in development processes, following their customs and cultures. All these should be done through the adoption of long-term strategic planning. Main points are that in order to develop sustainable tourism, key economic and environmental costs should be considered. Economic growth should be achieved in more environmentally and socially sound manners, instead of earlier practices. Issues regarding environment should be considered at government levels, however involving individual consumer. And finally, the needs of present generations should be met in a way that does not compromise on the ability of future generations to do so.

West Indies :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Countless of years ago a great mountain range stretched north from what is now the topmost coast of South America, the range was in a constant state of upheaval, lashed by continuous rains, swept by storms, with fire spouting from every peak finally the mountains dropped beneath the sea, quieted most of the volcanoes. The exposed peaks were covered with verdure of fantastic beauty, and left these peaks above the sea to form the chain of West Indian islands as we know today. Although they were islands surrounded by the Caribbean Sea, and are nowhere near Asian India, they were still considered the West Indian islands. Then why the concept of West Indian, we ask? Christopher Columbus, who discovered these islands, can surely explain why he gave such a name to islands that were never Indian descent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus the West Indies were given this name through his mistaken belief that he had reached the Indies, and he himself wrote of them as Las Yndias Ocidentales, referred to as the accidental Indies. After the mistake was realized they were later called them West Indies to distinguish them from the East Indies and at the time in the sixteenth century they were known as the Little Indies, while the East Indies were called the Great Indies. The native inhabitants of the West Indies and America were called Indians as a result of the same error. To distinguish them from the inhabitants of India they were to be called Amerindians or Red Indians. The islands are divided into three major groups: the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles. The Greater Antilles consist of Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica, and all the rest, except the Bahamas, are included in the group of Lesser Antilles, and were also called the C aribee Islands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The name West Indies is often loosely applied to the mainland territories of South and Central America (the Spanish Main) and in the past was even applied to those in North America. The name America has been used as including the West Indies. The British use of Windward Islands and Leeward Islands has brought up confusion. The Spaniards correctly called all the eastern islands of the West Indian chain the Windward Islands, Islas de Balovento, and the small islands close to the northern shores of South America the Leeward Islands, Islas de Sotavento.

Plain View/Open Fields Case Study Essay

In the case of the purse which was dropped by a suspect who had been running from the police officers, the plain view and the open field doctrines were both applicable. According to the law, the Plain View Doctrine is applied when a police officer comes upon a contraband which is in â€Å"plain view† in any area where the presence of said police officer is legal. In such a situation, the officer could legally seize the contraband on the spot without the need of a warrant and arrest its owner for illegally possessing the substance. Only one condition should be established: that before seizing the object, said police officer should establish â€Å"probable cause† that the object is unquestionably contraband. Under such circumstances, the owner of the object in question is not protected by the Fourth Amendment (FindLaw, n.d.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, according to the Open Fields Doctrine, the owner of an object located out of doors where it could be plainly seen or accessible to anybody who is on foot, from inside any motor vehicle, or a low-flying aircraft, could not seek the privacy protection under the Fourth Amendment. This means that even if a dwelling unit is protected by a fence, the fenced-in ground is still considered an â€Å"open field† if people can easily peep through cracks in the fence, or if the fence is low enough for people to have a clear view of the ground inside without standing on their toes or on top of any object in order to have a clear line of sight. The protection against intrusion exercised by the owner such as a locked gate is also taken into consideration. Open fields include streets, sidewalks, bodies of water, outdoor fields, or even the â€Å"cartilage† of a fenced-in residential building if it is in plain view of people standing outside the fence (FindLaw, n.d.). The purse was dropped in a place which was accessible to anybody at all times of the day, being a back alley where residents deposit their trash for the garbage collectors to pick up. In other words, the presence of any person in that area, including police officers, could not be considered unlawful. These circumstances made that particular alley an open field. The doctrine on open fields is therefore applicable. In addition, when the purse was dropped, it sprung open and spilled most of its contents on the ground, including the marijuana sticks. In other words, the police officer immediately saw the marijuana sticks when he came back for the purse after failing to catch up with the escaping man because they were in â€Å"plain view.† Given that the place where the purse was dropped could be considered an open field and that the marijuana sticks were in plain view of the officer in a place where the presence of said officer is not unlawful, the open field doctrine as well as the doctrine of plain view could both be applied to the case of the dropped purse. This being the case, the marijuana sticks could therefore be legally seized and used as evidence to justify the arrest of the owner of the purse. Had the purse stayed tightly closed when it was dropped and the marijuana sticks remained hidden from plain view, it could not have been the subject of a legal seizure proceeding. In the case of the two boys who were fighting inside a fenced-in residence, the two doctrines were again applicable. When the officers who failed to catch up with the suspect went back for the purse which was dropped on the alley, it was then that Officer Nelson heard the commotion inside a fenced-in yard. When he went near the fence of the nearest residence, he found that he could easily see into the fenced-in ground of the house without having to stand on his toes or on top of any object. The fenced-in ground, therefore, fell under the open field doctrine because what was happening inside could easily be observed by anybody passing by the fence. Then, since Officer Nelson saw the violent incident involving two teenage boys, it became his duty, being a peace officer, to break up the fight and prevent further physical damage to the boys involved. He therefore felt duty-bound to enter the premises. The fact that the gate to the backyard was not locked proved that his entry was not forced therefore he did not violate the Fourth Amendment. This is because an unlocked gate is an indication that the owner of the premises did not expect too much privacy by not restricting entry into an â€Å"open field.† In addition, â€Å"no entry† signs were not posted either on the fence or on the gate. In U.S. v. Thomas, supra, the court ruled that police officers who entered an apartment through an open gate were not violating the rights of the owners under the Fourth Amendment, noting that the open gate indicated that entering did not require permission from the owner or occupant of the apartment. It also pointed out that there was no other indication or warning that unauthorized entry was not allowed. All things considered, the court ruled that the gate only served as the entrance to the apartment and not as a means of preventing people from entering simply because it was open (as cited in State vs. Ramaekers, 1999). The circumstances which attended U.S. v. Thomas were identical to the circumstances present in the case study: There was a fence, and a gate, but the latter was not locked, and no â€Å"do not enter† signs were posted. The ruling in U.S. v. Thomas is therefore applicable to the case study when the police officers entered the fenced-in ground. The Open Field Doctrine, however, was applicable only as far as the breakup of the fight between the two boys was concerned. Since Officer Nelson did not yet see the baggies when he was outside the fence, it could not be applied to the baggies which contained the contraband. However, when he approached the door to the patio to call the guardians of the boys, he saw the baggies in â€Å"plain view† on top of the table near the door. At that point, the discovery of the white substance fell under the doctrine of plain view. It was discovered by Officer Nelson â€Å"inadvertently† in a place where his presence was legitimate. It should be emphasized that Officer Nelson’s presence in the area was to break up a fight which he had observed from the alley outside the fence of that residence. In addition, it was not necessary for the officer to establish probable cause that the white substance was contraband because the woman who came out of the house in response to his call immediately confirmed that the substance was indeed contraband. The seizure was therefore lawful under the Plain View Doctrine and the contraband should be admissible as evidence in court (Findlaw, n.d.).

Othello – Consider the significance of Act 3 Scene 3 to the play as a whole

What impressions does this episode make on the audience and by what means? How does Shakespeare prepare the audience to find this episode believable? Othello was written by Shakespeare around 1602 and was set 35 years previously to that time (around 1571) during the Elizabethan era. Shakespeare got the idea for the play from the Italian Novella ‘Gli Hecatommithi' and only changed minor details slightly. He kept the same plot but some of the characters and themes in the play were very different. The play itself is a tragedy and includes the things that Aristotle defined as what a tragedy should include. Firstly, a protagonist, this is Othello. He is the protagonist as the play shows the story of his fall from a place of eminence as is required in all tragedies according to Aristotle. Othello is a tragic hero in that he portrays a man with much greatness. Othello also has many weaknesses. In order to really understand the character of Othello, we have to understand him as a tragic hero with greatness and weakness. At the beginning of the play his life is in order, as he was married to the beautiful Desdemona, the younger daughter of a well-respected Senator, Brabantio. However, Othello is a Moor, and their marriage was frowned upon. In the play Othello is seen as a ‘moor' therefore an outsider, he has to try to come to terms with Venetian rules. His fatal flaw is his jealousy, which is set off by Iago, the villain of the play. This noble man meets with tragedy by falling to Iago's temptations and believing that his wife is unfaithful to him. This is because Iago is the antagonist in the story, also a vital part to a tragedy. He plays on Othello's weakness, bringing out his fatal flaw of jealousy and making him believe that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair. During the course of the play, Iago kills Roderigo and Emilia, his wife; and he stabs Cassio, wounding his leg. His manipulation leads to the deaths of Desdemona and Othello. In the play there is physical movement of the characters from Venice to Cyprus, which helps towards the insecurities of Othello developing further. Venice was where the love between Desdemona and Othello developed and therefore gives the relationship a sense of security. In Venice any problems there is order and control and any problems are dealt with swiftly and even though Othello is still an outsider he is valuable to them. However, the move to Cyprus makes Othello vulnerable in that he is no longer valued and is being moved away from what he knows – into the unknown, which makes it easier for Iago to play on Othello's insecurities as they are more susceptible to attack. Before they move there is a storm, which relates to the turbulence to Othello's life that will be brought with the move. The scene I am focusing on is Act 3 Scene 3; this is the longest and most dramatic scene in the play. It is the climatic turning point of the play and is significant in that it is the first time Iago really begins to take hold of Othello, to manipulate him and make him lose his trust in Cassio and Desdemona. A key event in this scene is when Iago says â€Å"Ha! I like not that† As this is the beginning of Iago's manipulation over Othello making Othello curious as to what Iago means and therefore making sure Iago has Othello's attention. Iago plays on Othello's insecurities here and makes Cassio's exit seem guilty. In this scene one of the most noticeable changes is that of Othello's language. Prior to this scene Othello's language is gracious and noble, though he claims it is not we can see clearly that it is, for example when he says he does not just lust after Desdemona â€Å"To please the palate of my appetite, nor to comply with heat the young affects In my distinct and proper satisfaction, But to be free and bounteous to her mind† At the beginning of the scene his language is still gracious and he is still free of Iago. He says â€Å"sweet Desdemon† which is the last time he shows his affection to her as Iago gets his hold over him soon after this. However, during Act 3 Scene 3 his language begins to change, it becomes more suspicious and begins to resemble Iago's language as he begins to use imagery. He also begins to curse as Iago has done previously, Othello damns Desdemona to hell, all this shows the hold Iago has over Othello and how he has already been able to influence him. He is doing this by using Othello's insecurities to get to him, as he is a ‘moor' (is black) he has already felt like an outsider and this also allows Iago to be able to get to him. Othello says, â€Å"Thou echoest me, as if there was some monster in thy thought too hideous to be shown† this simile shows that Iago's insinuations are beginning to affect Othello. This is an example of Othello's dramatic language and the use of different literary devices. However previously in the play he claims to lack gracious speech â€Å"Rude am I in my speech† but proves himself to have the most exquisite and gracious use of language of all the characters, but this is all before Act 3 Scene 3. During and after this scene, his previously emotive and strong language becomes more fragmented as he becomes more consumed with his jealousy and has aggressive outbursts such as â€Å"Damn her, Lewd minx! † which completely contrasts with the language he would have used before this scene and shows how he has changed and the beginning of his downfall. He becomes very nearly unable to make full sentences â€Å"Noses, ears, lips. Is't possible? Confess! Handkerchief! O devil! † showing his upset and extreme anger. Othello himself hates chaos and disorder but in this scene we begin to see language becoming much more chaotic and losing its order. This shows the previous scene to be ironic as it shows Othello checking the battlements, which is his public life, though it is his private life that is actually in danger. Also in Act 3 Scene 2 it shows Iago helping to check the battlements, which again is ironic as Iago is the one trying to break down his defences in his private life. His language continues in this chaotic and fragmented structure until he kills Desdemona and realises his error. After this, both his character and his language are restored to their former selves. Iago also uses interesting language in the play, however throughout his language is of a manipulative manner and does not change much throughout the play, one of his main types of manipulative language is imagery, for example â€Å"it is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on†. The green eyed monster symbolising jealousy and helping to implant ideas in Othello's mind about Desdemona having an affair, it is also ironic in that Iago is inferring that Othello is being deceived by Desdemona when it is actually Iago that is deceiving him. In his deception of Othello, Iago also influences his language and Othello begins to use imagery too, this shows the effect of Iago is actually having on Othello and how successful he is. Iago manages to successfully manipulate Othello and gets a persuasive effect by manufacturing expressions. Iago manages to stay in control of his language throughout the play and uses anti-heroic language, which is the complete opposite of Othello. Iago speaks plainly and directly, always being very self-assured. Iago's manipulation must have been done for a reason and there are many possible interpretations of Iago's motivation. One of these interpretations is that Iago is gay. This would explain why he wanted to trick Othello, if he was attracted to him. This may mean that Iago wanted Desdemona out of the way because he was jealous. However another reason may be that he is attracted to Desdemona. This would explain when Iago says â€Å"My friend is dead; ‘Tis done at your request. But let her live† This is either Iago actually attempting to stop Othello from killing Desdemona, however he could also have said this to plant the idea of killing her in his head. Iago also says â€Å"Now, I do love her too† in Act 2 Scene 1 which shows that it is possible that he has fallen in love with Desdemona, though he could be saying this because she is aiding him with Othello's demise. If Iago did feel strongly about her, again his jealousy could take over and cause him to manipulate Othello. His jealousy of them and their relationship is likely to have played a big part in his motivation, whatever it may be. Even though these are all possible motivations, Iago uses the excuse that it is because Othello gave a better job to Cassio and he wants revenge. A reason that I consider more likely is that Iago is racist and, like Othello, doesn't like to see people who he believes are inferior to him tainting his superiority. So therefore it angers him to see Othello, a moor, an outsider and inferior to him, having an important job and having a beautiful white wife and thus has a higher social standing than him. Basically, this interpretation boils down to Iago's pride getting the better of him and him being able to manipulate the other characters makes him feel superior. In the play Shakespeare uses many dramatic devices in order to forward the story of the play. Women in the play have been used, such as Bianca, both to help Iago in his manipulation and move the play forwards. Bianca is used purely as a dramatic device, being used in Iago's manipulation and being used by Cassio too. Emilia is also used as a dramatic device in that she has split loyalty and allows herself to be controlled by Iago to get love from him and unknowingly helps Iago and betrays Desdemona. Desdemona however is much less impressionable; she is more strong willed and emotional. Her loyalties are not split, as she is loyal to Othello but is unknowingly used to further Iago's plot for revenge. The handkerchief is a very significant dramatic device as it is used to further Iago's plot and finally sending Othello over the edge. This handkerchief links all the women together and is a very meaningful symbol. The colour of the handkerchief is important. The white of the handkerchief could symbolise innocence and purity with the red of the handkerchief symbolising blood. This could also be blood on the wedding night, which shows the strong bond that they have, but when the handkerchief is lost then the bond between the two of them is also broken allowing Iago's plan to end successfully. However the red on the handkerchief that may symbolise blood, could also be carried on to symbolise death, which is foreshadowing the end of the play. We can believe that Act 3 Scene 3 could have actually taken place for many reasons. Firstly we must consider ‘honest' Iago's status. Iago has been put in a job in which he has to be near Othello and is considered a friend by him. Iago is very trusted by all the characters that he is able to use in his plot, therefore making it much easier for himself, often being referred to as ‘honest Iago'. Iago also has very strong persuasive techniques and is very skilled with them, allowing him to use skills language such as imagery to his advantage. Along with this, in true tragedy style, Othello has flaws, as does any protagonist in a tragedy. He is flawed in that he takes people at face value and is extremely trusting. This flaw allows Iago to manipulate and persuade him round to whatever Iago wants him to think. In this scene it is easy to see that Iago has a huge hold over Othello already. This is because Othello takes Iago at face value and believes him to be an honest man, also because the problems Iago is inferring are all part of his insecurities. He was already insecure as he was an outsider as a moor but in Venice he was needed so had some security as this was also where his and Desdemona's love developed. This meant he had a sense of security in both his public and private life. However the move to Cyprus and into the unknown made him even less secure making him believe anything without asking about it and even the slightest evidence seems like solid proof to him. This is believable because the language change has showed us that he is insecure. This brings the play to a tragic close filled with death and realisation and shows the scene to be believable.